for n-dimensional vit, have a method for fetching muon friendly parameters

.github/workflows/python-publish.yml

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: '3.x'
     - name: Install dependencies

.github/workflows/python-test.yml

@@ -18,18 +18,17 @@ jobs:
         python-version: [3.8, 3.9]
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        python -m pip install pytest
-        python -m pip install wheel
         python -m pip install torch==2.4.0 torchvision==0.19.0 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu
-        if [ -f requirements.txt ]; then pip install -r requirements.txt; fi
+        python -m pip install -e .
+        python -m pip install pytest
     - name: Test with pytest
       run: |
-        python setup.py test
+        pytest -q

README.md

@@ -2181,4 +2181,13 @@ Coming from computer vision and new to transformers? Here are some resources tha
 }
 ```
 
+```bibtex
+@misc{xiong2025ndrope,
+    author = {Jerry Xiong},
+    title  = {On n-dimensional rotary positional embeddings},
+    year   = {2025},
+    url    = {https://jerryxio.ng/posts/nd-rope/}
+}
+```
+
 *I visualise a time when we will be to robots what dogs are to humans, and I’m rooting for the machines.* — Claude Shannon

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools>=61", "wheel"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "vit-pytorch"
+version = "1.12.5"
+description = "Vision Transformer (ViT) - Pytorch"
+readme = { file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown" }
+license = { file = "LICENSE" }
+authors = [
+  { name = "Phil Wang", email = "lucidrains@gmail.com" },
+]
+requires-python = ">=3.8"
+keywords = [
+  "artificial intelligence",
+  "attention mechanism",
+  "image recognition",
+]
+classifiers = [
+  "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
+  "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+  "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence",
+  "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+]
+dependencies = [
+  "einops>=0.7.0",
+  "torch>=1.10",
+  "torchvision",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+test = [
+  "pytest",
+  "torch==2.4.0",
+  "torchvision==0.19.0",
+]
+
+[project.urls]
+Homepage = "https://github.com/lucidrains/vit-pytorch"
+Repository = "https://github.com/lucidrains/vit-pytorch"
+
+[tool.setuptools]
+include-package-data = true
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+include = ["vit_pytorch*"]
+exclude = ["examples*", "tests*", "test*"]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+testpaths = ["tests", "."]
+python_files = ["test_*.py", "*_test.py"]
+addopts = "-q"
+filterwarnings = [
+  "ignore::FutureWarning",
+]

setup.py

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-from setuptools import setup, find_packages
-
-with open('README.md') as f:
-    long_description = f.read()
-
-setup(
-  name = 'vit-pytorch',
-  packages = find_packages(exclude=['examples']),
-  version = '1.11.0',
-  license='MIT',
-  description = 'Vision Transformer (ViT) - Pytorch',
-  long_description = long_description,
-  long_description_content_type = 'text/markdown',
-  author = 'Phil Wang',
-  author_email = 'lucidrains@gmail.com',
-  url = 'https://github.com/lucidrains/vit-pytorch',
-  keywords = [
-    'artificial intelligence',
-    'attention mechanism',
-    'image recognition'
-  ],
-  install_requires=[
-    'einops>=0.7.0',
-    'torch>=1.10',
-    'torchvision'
-  ],
-  setup_requires=[
-    'pytest-runner',
-  ],
-  tests_require=[
-    'pytest',
-    'torch==2.4.0',
-    'torchvision==0.19.0'
-  ],
-  classifiers=[
-    'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
-    'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-    'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence',
-    'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
-    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-  ],
-)

tests/test_vit.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import torch
 from vit_pytorch import ViT
 
-def test():
+def test_vit():
     v = ViT(
         image_size = 256,
         patch_size = 32,

vit_pytorch/accept_video_wrapper.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
 import torch
 from torch import is_tensor, randn
-from torch.nn import Module, Parameter
+from torch.nn import Module, Linear, Parameter
 from torch.utils._pytree import tree_flatten, tree_unflatten
 
 from einops import rearrange, repeat
@@ -23,7 +25,9 @@ class AcceptVideoWrapper(Module):
         add_time_pos_emb = False,
         dim_emb = None,
         time_seq_len = None,
-        output_pos_add_pos_emb = 0 # defaults to first output position to add embedding 
+        embed_is_channel_first = False,
+        output_pos_add_pos_emb = 0, # defaults to first output position to add embedding 
+        proj_embed_to_dim = None
     ):
         super().__init__()
         self.image_net = image_net
@@ -32,18 +36,34 @@ class AcceptVideoWrapper(Module):
         self.add_time_pos_emb = add_time_pos_emb
         self.output_pos_add_pos_emb = output_pos_add_pos_emb
 
+        # maybe project the image embedding
+
+        self.embed_proj = None
+
+        if exists(proj_embed_to_dim):
+            assert exists(dim_emb), '`dim_emb` must be passed in'
+            self.embed_proj = Linear(dim_emb, proj_embed_to_dim)
+
+        # time positional embedding
+
         if add_time_pos_emb:
             assert exists(dim_emb) and exists(time_seq_len), '`dim_emb` and `time_seq_len` must be set if adding positional embeddings to the output'
             self.time_seq_len = time_seq_len
 
-            self.pos_emb = Parameter(randn(time_seq_len, dim_emb) * 1e-2)
+            dim_pos_emb = default(proj_embed_to_dim, dim_emb)
+
+            self.pos_emb = Parameter(randn(time_seq_len, dim_pos_emb) * 1e-2)
+
+        self.embed_is_channel_first = embed_is_channel_first
 
     def forward(
         self,
-        video # (b c t h w)
+        video, # (b c t h w)
+        eval_with_no_grad = False,
+        forward_kwargs = dict()
     ):
         add_time_pos_emb = self.add_time_pos_emb
-        batch, time = video.shape[0], video.shape[2]
+        time = video.shape[2]
 
         # maybe validate time positional embedding
 
@@ -54,9 +74,17 @@ class AcceptVideoWrapper(Module):
 
         video = rearrange(video, 'b t ... -> (b t) ...')
 
+        # forward through image net for outputs
+
         func = getattr(self.image_net, self.forward_function)
 
-        outputs = func(video)
+        if eval_with_no_grad:
+            self.image_net.eval()
+
+        context = torch.no_grad if eval_with_no_grad else nullcontext
+
+        with context():
+            outputs = func(video, **forward_kwargs)
 
         # handle multiple outputs, say logits and embeddings returned from extractor - also handle some reduce aux loss being returned
 
@@ -64,14 +92,37 @@ class AcceptVideoWrapper(Module):
 
         outputs = tuple(rearrange(t, '(b t) ... -> b t ...', t = time) if is_tensor(t) and t.numel() > 1 else t for t in outputs)
 
+        # maybe project embedding
+
+        if exists(self.embed_proj):
+            outputs = list(outputs)
+
+            embed = outputs[self.output_pos_add_pos_emb]
+
+            outputs[self.output_pos_add_pos_emb] = self.embed_proj(embed)
+
         # maybe add time positional embedding
 
         if add_time_pos_emb:
-            pos_emb = repeat(self.pos_emb, 't d -> b t 1 d', b = batch)
 
             outputs = list(outputs)
             embed = outputs[self.output_pos_add_pos_emb]
 
+            pos_emb = rearrange(self.pos_emb, 't d -> 1 t d')
+
+            # handle the network outputting embeddings with spatial dimensions intact - assume embedded dimension is last
+
+            dims_to_unsqueeze = embed.ndim - pos_emb.ndim
+
+            one_dims = ((1,) * dims_to_unsqueeze)
+
+            if self.embed_is_channel_first:
+                pos_emb = pos_emb.reshape(*pos_emb.shape, *one_dims)
+            else:
+                pos_emb = pos_emb.reshape(*pos_emb.shape[:2], *one_dims, pos_emb.shape[-1])
+
+            pos_emb = pos_emb[:, :embed.shape[1]]
+
             embed = embed + pos_emb
 
             outputs[self.output_pos_add_pos_emb] = embed
@@ -95,16 +146,16 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         emb_dropout = 0.1
     )
 
-    videos = torch.randn(1, 3, 10, 256, 256)
+    videos = torch.randn(1, 3, 7, 256, 256)
 
     # step up the difficulty and return embeddings for robotics
 
     from vit_pytorch.extractor import Extractor
     v = Extractor(v)
 
-    video_acceptor = AcceptVideoWrapper(v, add_time_pos_emb = True, output_pos_add_pos_emb = 1, time_seq_len = 10, dim_emb = 1024)
+    video_acceptor = AcceptVideoWrapper(v, add_time_pos_emb = True, output_pos_add_pos_emb = 1, time_seq_len = 12, dim_emb = 1024, proj_embed_to_dim = 512)
 
-    logits, embeddings = video_acceptor(videos) # always (batch, channels, time, height, width) - time is always dimension 2
+    logits, embeddings = video_acceptor(videos, eval_with_no_grad = True) # always (batch, channels, time, height, width) - time is always dimension 2
 
-    assert logits.shape == (1, 10, 1000)
-    assert embeddings.shape == (1, 10, 65, 1024)
+    assert logits.shape == (1, 7, 1000)
+    assert embeddings.shape == (1, 7, 65, 512)

vit_pytorch/cct.py

@@ -316,6 +316,9 @@ class CCT(nn.Module):
         pooling_kernel_size=3,
         pooling_stride=2,
         pooling_padding=1,
+        dropout_rate=0.,
+        attention_dropout=0.1,
+        stochastic_depth_rate=0.1,
         *args, **kwargs
     ):
         super().__init__()
@@ -340,9 +343,9 @@ class CCT(nn.Module):
                                                            width=img_width),
             embedding_dim=embedding_dim,
             seq_pool=True,
-            dropout_rate=0.,
-            attention_dropout=0.1,
-            stochastic_depth=0.1,
+            dropout_rate=dropout_rate,
+            attention_dropout=attention_dropout,
+            stochastic_depth_rate=stochastic_depth_rate,
             *args, **kwargs)
 
     def forward(self, x):

vit_pytorch/vit_nd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import torch
+from torch import nn
+from torch.nn import Module
+
+from einops import rearrange, repeat
+from einops.layers.torch import Rearrange
+
+# helpers
+
+def join(arr, delimiter = ' '):
+    return delimiter.join(arr)
+
+def ensure_tuple(t, length):
+    if isinstance(t, (tuple, list)):
+        assert len(t) == length, f'Expected tuple of length {length}, got {len(t)}'
+        return tuple(t)
+    return (t,) * length
+
+# classes
+
+class FeedForward(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+            nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout),
+            nn.Linear(hidden_dim, dim),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        )
+    
+    def forward(self, x):
+        return self.net(x)
+
+class Attention(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
+        super().__init__()
+        inner_dim = dim_head * heads
+        project_out = not (heads == 1 and dim_head == dim)
+        
+        self.heads = heads
+        self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
+        
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        
+        self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 3, bias = False)
+        
+        self.to_out = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
+    
+    def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
+        qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
+        q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
+        
+        dots = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-1, -2)) * self.scale
+        
+        attn = self.attend(dots)
+        attn = self.dropout(attn)
+        
+        out = torch.matmul(attn, v)
+        out = rearrange(out, 'b h n d -> b n (h d)')
+        return self.to_out(out)
+
+class Transformer(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
+            ]))
+    
+    def forward(self, x):
+        for attn, ff in self.layers:
+            x = attn(x) + x
+            x = ff(x) + x
+        return self.norm(x)
+
+class ViTND(Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        ndim: int,
+        input_shape: int | tuple[int, ...],
+        patch_size: int | tuple[int, ...],
+        num_classes: int,
+        dim: int,
+        depth: int,
+        heads: int,
+        mlp_dim: int,
+        pool: str = 'cls',
+        channels: int = 3,
+        dim_head: int = 64,
+        dropout: float = 0.,
+        emb_dropout: float = 0.
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        
+        assert 1 <= ndim <= 7, 'ndim must be between 1 and 7'
+        assert pool in {'cls', 'mean'}, 'pool type must be either cls (cls token) or mean (mean pooling)'
+        
+        self.ndim = ndim
+        self.pool = pool
+        
+        input_shape = ensure_tuple(input_shape, ndim)
+        patch_size = ensure_tuple(patch_size, ndim)
+        
+        for i, (inp_dim, patch_dim) in enumerate(zip(input_shape, patch_size)):
+            assert inp_dim % patch_dim == 0, f'Input dimension {i} ({inp_dim}) must be divisible by patch size ({patch_dim})'
+        
+        num_patches_per_dim = [inp_dim // patch_dim for inp_dim, patch_dim in zip(input_shape, patch_size)]
+        num_patches = 1
+        for n in num_patches_per_dim:
+            num_patches *= n
+        
+        patch_dim = channels
+        for p in patch_size:
+            patch_dim *= p
+        
+        dim_names = 'fghijkl'[:ndim]
+        
+        input_dims = [f'({d} p{i})' for i, d in enumerate(dim_names)]
+        patch_dims = [f'p{i}' for i in range(ndim)]
+        
+        input_pattern = f'b c {join(input_dims)}'
+        output_pattern = f'b ({join(dim_names)}) ({join(patch_dims)} c)'
+        rearrange_str = f'{input_pattern} -> {output_pattern}'
+        
+        rearrange_kwargs = {f'p{i}': p for i, p in enumerate(patch_size)}
+        
+        self.to_patch_embedding = nn.Sequential(
+            Rearrange(rearrange_str, **rearrange_kwargs),
+            nn.Linear(patch_dim, dim),
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+        )
+        
+        self.pos_embedding = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, num_patches + 1, dim))
+        self.cls_token = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(1, 1, dim))
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(emb_dropout)
+        
+        self.transformer = Transformer(dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout)
+        
+        self.to_latent = nn.Identity()
+        self.mlp_head = nn.Linear(dim, num_classes)
+    
+    def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.to_patch_embedding(x)
+        b, n, _ = x.shape
+        
+        cls_tokens = repeat(self.cls_token, '1 1 d -> b 1 d', b = b)
+        x = torch.cat((cls_tokens, x), dim = 1)
+        x += self.pos_embedding[:, :(n + 1)]
+        x = self.dropout(x)
+        
+        x = self.transformer(x)
+        
+        x = x[:, 1:].mean(dim = 1) if self.pool == 'mean' else x[:, 0]
+        
+        x = self.to_latent(x)
+        return self.mlp_head(x)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    
+    model = ViTND(
+        ndim = 4,
+        input_shape = (8, 16, 32, 64),
+        patch_size = (2, 4, 4, 8),
+        num_classes = 1000,
+        dim = 512,
+        depth = 6,
+        heads = 8,
+        mlp_dim = 2048,
+        channels = 3,
+        dropout = 0.1,
+        emb_dropout = 0.1
+    )
+    
+    occupancy_time = torch.randn(2, 3, 8, 16, 32, 64)
+    
+    logits = model(occupancy_time)

vit_pytorch/vit_nd_rotary.py

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import torch
+from torch import nn, arange, cat, stack, Tensor
+from torch.nn import Module, ModuleList
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+from einops import rearrange, repeat, reduce, pack, unpack
+from einops.layers.torch import Rearrange
+
+# helpers
+
+def exists(val):
+    return val is not None
+
+def l2norm(t):
+    return F.normalize(t, dim = -1, p = 2)
+
+def join(arr, delimiter = ' '):
+    return delimiter.join(arr)
+
+def ensure_tuple(t, length):
+    if isinstance(t, (tuple, list)):
+        assert len(t) == length, f'Expected tuple of length {length}, got {len(t)}'
+        return tuple(t)
+    return (t,) * length
+
+# golden gate rotary - Jerry Xiong, PhD student at UIUC
+# https://jerryxio.ng/posts/nd-rope/
+
+def _phi(m: int) -> float:
+    x = 2.0
+    for _ in range(10):
+        x = (1 + x) ** (1.0 / (m + 1.0))
+    return x
+
+def make_directions(n: int, d: int) -> Tensor:
+    g = _phi(d)
+    alpha = (1.0 / g) ** arange(1, d + 1, dtype = torch.float64)
+    i = arange(1, n + 1, dtype = torch.float64).unsqueeze(1)
+    z = torch.fmod(i * alpha, 1.0)
+    directions = torch.erfinv(2.0 * z - 1.0)
+    directions = l2norm(directions)
+    return directions.float()
+
+class GoldenGateRoPENd(Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dim_pos: int,
+        heads: int,
+        dim_head: int,
+        rope_min_freq: float = 1.0,
+        rope_max_freq: float = 10000.0,
+        rope_p_zero_freqs: float = 0.0, # proportion of frequencies set to 0
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        n_freqs = dim_head // 2
+        n_zero_freqs = round(rope_p_zero_freqs * n_freqs)
+
+        omega = cat((
+            torch.zeros(n_zero_freqs),
+            rope_min_freq * (rope_max_freq / rope_min_freq) ** torch.linspace(0, 1, n_freqs - n_zero_freqs),
+        ))
+
+        directions = rearrange(
+            make_directions(heads * n_freqs, dim_pos),
+            '(h f) p -> h f p',
+            h = heads
+        )
+
+        omega_expanded = rearrange(omega, 'f -> f 1')
+        self.register_buffer('freqs', directions * omega_expanded)  # shape: (h, f, p)
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, pos: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        # input shape: (b, h, n, d) where d = head_dim
+        # pos shape: (b, n, p) where p = pos_dim
+        # self.freqs shape: (h, f, p) where f = d // 2
+        
+        x, y = input.float().chunk(2, dim = -1)  # both (b, h, n, f)
+        
+        # Expand dimensions for broadcasting
+        freqs = rearrange(self.freqs, 'h f p -> 1 h 1 f p')
+        positions = rearrange(pos.float(), 'b n p -> b 1 n 1 p')
+        
+        # Compute theta for each (batch, head, seq, freq)
+        theta = reduce(freqs * positions, 'b h n f p -> b h n f', 'sum')
+        
+        cos_theta = torch.cos(theta)
+        sin_theta = torch.sin(theta)
+        
+        # Apply rotation
+        x_out = x * cos_theta - y * sin_theta
+        y_out = x * sin_theta + y * cos_theta
+        
+        output = cat((x_out, y_out), dim=-1)
+        return output.type_as(input)
+
+# classes
+
+class FeedForward(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+            nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
+            nn.GELU(),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout),
+            nn.Linear(hidden_dim, dim),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        )
+    
+    def forward(self, x):
+        return self.net(x)
+
+class Attention(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., rotary_emb = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        inner_dim = dim_head * heads
+        project_out = not (heads == 1 and dim_head == dim)
+        
+        self.heads = heads
+        self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
+        self.rotary_emb = rotary_emb
+        
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        
+        self.to_qk = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 2, bias = False)
+        self.to_v = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim, bias = False)
+
+        self.to_out = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Linear(inner_dim, dim),
+            nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
+    
+    def forward(self, x, pos = None):
+        x = self.norm(x)
+        qkv = (*self.to_qk(x).chunk(2, dim = -1), self.to_v(x))
+
+        q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
+        
+        # Apply rotary embeddings if available
+        if exists(self.rotary_emb):
+            assert exists(pos)
+            q = self.rotary_emb(q, pos)
+            k = self.rotary_emb(k, pos)
+        
+        dots = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-1, -2)) * self.scale
+        
+        attn = self.attend(dots)
+        attn = self.dropout(attn)
+        
+        out = torch.matmul(attn, v)
+        out = rearrange(out, 'b h n d -> b n (h d)')
+        return self.to_out(out)
+
+class Transformer(Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0., rotary_emb = None):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
+        self.layers = ModuleList([])
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            self.layers.append(ModuleList([
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, rotary_emb = rotary_emb),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
+            ]))
+    
+    def forward(self, x, pos = None):
+        for attn, ff in self.layers:
+            x = attn(x, pos) + x
+            x = ff(x) + x
+        return self.norm(x)
+
+class ViTND(Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        ndim: int,
+        input_shape: int | tuple[int, ...],
+        patch_size: int | tuple[int, ...],
+        num_classes: int,
+        dim: int,
+        depth: int,
+        heads: int,
+        mlp_dim: int,
+        channels: int = 3,
+        dim_head: int = 64,
+        dropout: float = 0.,
+        emb_dropout: float = 0.,
+        rope_min_freq: float = 1.0,
+        rope_max_freq: float = 10000.0,
+        rope_p_zero_freqs: float = 0.0
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        
+        assert 1 <= ndim <= 7, 'ndim must be between 1 and 7'
+        
+        self.ndim = ndim
+        
+        input_shape = ensure_tuple(input_shape, ndim)
+        patch_size = ensure_tuple(patch_size, ndim)
+        
+        for i, (inp_dim, patch_dim) in enumerate(zip(input_shape, patch_size)):
+            assert inp_dim % patch_dim == 0, f'Input dimension {i} ({inp_dim}) must be divisible by patch size ({patch_dim})'
+        
+        num_patches_per_dim = [inp_dim // patch_dim for inp_dim, patch_dim in zip(input_shape, patch_size)]
+        num_patches = 1
+        for n in num_patches_per_dim:
+            num_patches *= n
+        
+        patch_dim = channels
+        for p in patch_size:
+            patch_dim *= p
+        
+        dim_names = 'fghijkl'[:ndim]
+        
+        input_dims = [f'({d} p{i})' for i, d in enumerate(dim_names)]
+        patch_dims = [f'p{i}' for i in range(ndim)]
+        
+        input_pattern = f'b c {join(input_dims)}'
+        output_pattern = f'b {join(dim_names)} ({join(patch_dims)} c)'
+        rearrange_str = f'{input_pattern} -> {output_pattern}'
+        
+        rearrange_kwargs = {f'p{i}': p for i, p in enumerate(patch_size)}
+        
+        self.to_patch_embedding = nn.Sequential(
+            Rearrange(rearrange_str, **rearrange_kwargs),
+            nn.Linear(patch_dim, dim),
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
+        )
+        
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(emb_dropout)
+        
+        # Create rotary embeddings
+        self.rotary_emb = GoldenGateRoPENd(
+            dim_pos = ndim,
+            heads = heads,
+            dim_head = dim_head,
+            rope_min_freq = rope_min_freq,
+            rope_max_freq = rope_max_freq,
+            rope_p_zero_freqs = rope_p_zero_freqs
+        )
+        
+        self.transformer = Transformer(dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout, rotary_emb = self.rotary_emb)
+        
+        self.to_latent = nn.Identity()
+        self.mlp_head = nn.Linear(dim, num_classes)
+    
+    def muon_parameters(self):
+        params = []
+
+        for m in self.modules():
+            if isinstance(m, Attention):
+                params.extend([
+                    m.to_v.weight,
+                    m.to_out[0].weight
+                ])
+            elif isinstance(m, FeedForward):
+                params.extend([
+                    m.net[1].weight,
+                    m.net[-2].weight
+                ])
+
+        return params
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x,
+        return_embed = False
+    ):
+        x = self.to_patch_embedding(x) # (b, *spatial_dims, patch_dim)
+        
+        batch, *spatial_dims, _, device = *x.shape, x.device
+        
+        # Generate position coordinates
+
+        grids = [arange(d, device = device, dtype = torch.float32) for d in spatial_dims]
+        grid = torch.meshgrid(*grids, indexing = 'ij')
+        pos = stack(grid, dim = -1)  # (*spatial_dims, ndim)
+
+        # flatten spatial dimensions for attention with nd rotary
+        
+        pos = repeat(pos, '... p -> b (...) p', b = batch)
+        x, packed_shape = pack([x], 'b * d')
+
+        x = self.dropout(x)
+        
+        embed = self.transformer(x, pos)
+
+        # return the embed with reconstituted patch shape
+
+        if return_embed:
+            embed, = unpack(embed, packed_shape, 'b * d')
+            return embed
+
+        # pooling to logits
+
+        pooled = reduce(embed, 'b n d -> b d', 'mean')
+
+        pooled = self.to_latent(pooled)
+        return self.mlp_head(pooled)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  
+    model = ViTND(
+        ndim = 5,
+        input_shape = (4, 8, 16, 32, 64),
+        patch_size = (2, 2, 4, 4, 8),
+        num_classes = 1000,
+        dim = 512,
+        depth = 6,
+        heads = 8,
+        mlp_dim = 2048,
+        channels = 3,
+        dropout = 0.1,
+        emb_dropout = 0.1
+    )
+
+    data = torch.randn(2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)
+
+    logits = model(data)
+
+    embed = model(data, return_embed = True) # (2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8, 512)